Argument Type: Political

148 pages

• Islam in Europe is linked to integration and law
• Tolerance is a political and social need
• Development requires freedom of participation
• The centralized state dominates after independence
• The political objective outweighs the movements
• A new historical solidarity among peoples
• The rule-of-law state protects civil rights
• The absence of a constitutional order is not explained by religion alone
• The failure of state models generates a legitimacy vacuum
• The legitimacy of the rule-of-law state comes from citizens
• Critique of Islamic reason is a condition for democratic engagement
• The dominance of money, patronage, and bargaining
• Arkoun studies human rights
• The exclusion of linguistic and cultural plurality
• Oppressed memories are an example of the intolerable
• Power freezes the intellectual field
• Secularization does not end the crisis of legitimacy
• Modern fatwas and the legitimacy of contemporaneity
• The Qur’an carries a political dimension
• The persistence of group partisanship in Arab rule
• Imposing Arabic as the sole language
• Separating religion from the state frees legitimacy
• Fundamentalism uses religion politically
• Prosperity weakens religious radicalism
• Mutual recognition is a condition for religious communication
• Political liberation alone is not enough
• Public education consolidates secularization
• Repressive modernity provokes fundamentalisms
• The conflict between sovereignty and political authority
• Secularization as a costly peaceful concession
• The social sciences may be understood as a threat
• Globalization universalizes Western domination
• Separating religion and politics
• Political legitimacy and epistemic illegitimacy
• Citizenship is the criterion of modernity
• Elites resist the fundamentalist model
• Modern identity clashes with religious identity
• Societies split between the two currents
• The decline of ijtihad due to the collusion of power
• Using religion in legitimacy
• Studying religion is a cultural and institutional struggle
• Withdrawing authority from the clergy
• The legitimacy of authority and religion
• Critique of violence supports democracy
• The crisis of legitimacy is linked to ideological discourse
• Educational reform is an essential necessity
• The independence of the cultural sphere is a condition for liberation
• Political frustration fuels Islamist movements
• Political will is a condition for the desired transformation
• Intellectual liberation is a goal parallel to political liberation
• Modern states and the model of national centralism
• The latent democracy of peoples
• Positive secularization protects the public sphere
• Jurists regulate religious orthodoxy
• Jurists apply religious law in cooperation with the state
• The Qur’an grants legitimacy to emerging states
• The faltering of rights in Islamic countries
• The rise of Islamism and the decline of the intellectual
• The rupture between state and civil society is an Arab crisis
• Projects of unity from above
• Critique of the Jacobin national model
• The centralized state model fails to understand plurality
• Personal status laws have been sacralized
• Contemporary Islam is a political and social instrument
• Islam is subject to double surveillance
• Islam, politics, and the West
• Truth and legitimacy are tied to power
• A call for global solidarity
• Violence and exclusion continue
• International law needs to be re-founded
• Migration and fragmentation open the door to populism
• American hegemony after 1990
• Nationalizing religion after independence
• The role of women in critical research
• Rejecting exclusion, discrimination, and sectarianism
• Separating politics from religious legitimacy
• The state’s appropriation of religion
• The functions of blessing and legitimacy
• The impact of political conditions on Orientalism
• The possibility of replacing the old sharia
• Militant fundamentalism is political protest
• Fundamentalism and political threat
• Political Islam and violence
• Arabization limits epistemic openness
• The French Revolution and the transfer of legitimacy
• Islamic discourse uses the Qur’an politically
• Religious symbols are fuel for mobilization
• Divine sovereignty and political legitimacy
• The real social conflict
• The official reading entrenched literalism
• Criticism is turned into treason
• Nationalizing religion in Islamic history
• The politicization of contemporary Islam
• The faltering of the rule-of-law state and civil society
• Distinguishing authority and legitimacy
• Using the text in political violence
• Authority’s support for the dominant position
• Ideologized pseudo-intellectuals
• The absence of contemporary Islamic thought
• Brain drain weakens free research
• Humanism is a critical and educational project
• Recognition of plurality is a condition for democracy
• Pluralism does not equal democracy
• Freedom is a condition for contemporary societies
• Religion is used politically and clerically
• Contemporary Islamic societies are cut off from European modernity
• Teaching the history of religions is necessary
• Equality of rights between femininity and masculinity
• Deconstructing dominant thought
• Using religion politically and ideologically
• Restricting religion to the private sphere weakens its public presence
• The emergence of the state and open society
• September 11 calls for an international reassessment
• The September events revealed the fragility of the international order
• The strategic selection of al-Qaeda sites
• Military regimes prevent debate on legitimacy
• September 11 is a legitimizing turning point
• Preemptive war restores American isolation
• Western responses restore the logic of force
• American policy linked power to morality
• International justice needs broader reform
• Less destructive alternatives
• Expanding democratic negotiation
• Expanding the legitimacy of the decision for war
• The Afghan war deepened humiliation
• The weakness of democracy in Arab governance
• Addressing terrorism is a global responsibility
• It distinguishes governance from power
• Educational reform to combat extremism
• Non-democratic regimes nationalize religion
• Political Islam is an instrument of legitimizing mobilization
• Mediterranean history needs radical critique
• Western modernity and politics
• Dialogue and hope in the Mediterranean
• The party-state and one-way thinking
• Democratic secularization guarantees the independence of religion
• Violence is linked to modern domination
• The West and responsibility for decline
• The critical project is tied to the present
• Identity after independence and fundamentalist fanaticism
• Official Wahhabism is part of the nationalization of Islam
• Nationalizing religion produces official orthodoxy
• Domestication of Islam transforms obedience
• Using Islam in legitimacy
• Using religion in conflicts
• Separating religion from the state
• Massignon’s opposition to colonialism
• Confronting the justification of violence and terrorism