Iraq

Explanation

Iraq in the book represents a pivot in the renaming of conflict after the September attacks, and appears as a destination of preventive war and imperial logic. The title itself is also linked to the presence of Baghdad as a sign of the crisis shifting from Manhattan to the Arab geography.

Referenced from

• September 11 rebuilt the global conflict against the globalized world
• September 11 and the rebuilding of conflict
• September 11 calls for an international review
• The September events opened a new global phase for American power
• The September events revealed the fragility of the international system
• Historicizing sacred texts
• Arkoun calls for renewing the understanding of Islam through modern knowledge and Mediterranean openness
• Arkoun rejects linear interpretation and replaces it with anthropological and critical analysis
• The crisis of the Arab-Islamic world stems from the stalling of legitimacy, critique, and institutions
• Afghanistan must be understood within a political network, not as an isolated target
• Bringing Islam and modernity into a Mediterranean critique
• The selection of strategic Al-Qaeda sites
• The continued intertwining of religion and politics
• Religions are used as political justification
• Religions are used to justify politics, and the West does not exempt political Islam from critique
• The crisis is a crisis of culture and knowledge
• The crisis is also a cultural and epistemic crisis
• Fundamentalism grows from the decline of critique and the conversion of religion into political legitimation
• Authoritarian regimes generate values that justify violence
• Military regimes prevent debate on legitimacy
• Terrorism is not a fixed Islamic essence
• Terrorism is linked to policies and despotism
• Political Islam shifts responsibility onto others
• Institutionalized Islam differs from true Islam
• Islam needs to be redefined
• Islamism and reading history
• Ismailism is an open cultural movement
• Reform from within the tradition
• Free faith and critical vigilance
• Islamic modernization remained bureaucratic without an epistemic transformation
• Islamic modernization remained incomplete
• Modernization is not true modernity
• General labels and truth-telling require critical deconstruction
• Shiism followed a different political path
• Historically, Shiism differs from Sunni Islam in its relation to authority
• Distinguishing between suicide operations
• Tensions are understood through the construction of the enemy
• Jihad turns into a holy war
• Jihad is redefined as a holy war that goes beyond defense
• The need for a third Enlightenment
• The need for multilevel analysis
• September 11 is a legitimizing turning point
• Modernity produced a rupture in tradition
• The event represents a multi-level rupture
• Just war requires caution
• Just war and international justice need constraints that prevent legitimacy from turning into war
• Holy war transcends a single religion
• Holy war is not the monopoly of one religion, but reveals a broader triangle of violence and meaning
• Preventive war restores American isolation
• War is morally unforgivable
• The Assassins are an ideological explanatory example
• Religious truth is historically interpreted
• The Crusades symbolically direct the conflict
• Fundamentalist discourse fills the void left by critique
• Democracy needs acceptable legitimacy
• The response to terrorism must be limited and seek less destructive alternatives
• Western responses reproduce the logic of force
• Responses to terrorism reproduce power and increase isolation
• Historical narrative combines the real and the ideal
• Peace imposed by one side alone
• American policy linked power with morality
• A global politics of reason and justice
• Codified legitimacy is not democracy
• Legitimacy is divided between recovery and giving
• Conflict as a calculus of strikes
• Obedience hinders democracy
• The Arab-Islamic world and two faces of the event
• Modern hostility is understood through a long historical narrative and a symbolic construction of the adversary
• International justice needs broader reform
• The relation to authority is coercion and submission
• The social sciences are content with describing gaps
• The social sciences are necessary for development
• The social sciences and global development need strong institutions and expanded civic awareness
• Sacrificial violence in Al-Qaeda
• Violence is justified by identity, religion, and absolute values
• The title is linked to discussions of the event and Iraq
• Globalization conceals inequality
• Al-Qaeda is presented as an angry and opaque global movement
• Historical reading of the religious text is a condition for reform
• Critical reading of the religious text is fraught with risk
• Internal and external rupture
• Political values generate violence
• The book is a dialogue about September 11
• The book reads September 11 as a multi-level historical and political rupture
• The anthropological triangle as a general framework
• The imaginary receives the event with divergent meanings
• Meaning in discourse is not a primary given
• Meaning is not a primary given
• The comparison between Christianity and Islam
• The historical turning point after September produced the logic of strikes and imposed peace
• A cross-cultural value system opens a political and moral horizon
• The Arab Renaissance needs historical reexamination because research into it has declined and slowed
• The Renaissance is a rich history that needs researchers
• Global civic awareness is fragile
• The United States embodies the historical enemy
• The shift of narrative into ideology
• Less destructive alternatives
• Bin Laden and the revolutionary Che Guevara
• Bin Laden rehistoricizes hostility
• Bin Laden is presented as a global theological revolutionary
• Arab power structures confuse legitimacy with coercion
• Discourse analysis as a strategic choice
• The overlap of violence and the sacred
• Research has declined since the 1960s
• Broad labels conceal diversity
• The historical formation of Islamic consciousness
• A different interpretation of the September event
• The dismantling of the caliphate expands the conflict
• Deconstructing systems of thought and values
• The contact between Islam and the Christian West
• Expanding democratic negotiation
• Expanding the legitimacy of the war decision
• Contemporary appropriations out of context
• Major universities for the social sciences
• The Afghanistan war deepened humiliation
• Al-Qaeda’s angry discourse
• A meta-jihadist discourse within Al-Qaeda
• Discourses of the enemy, jihad, and Al-Qaeda produce transnational sacred violence
• The persistence of violence in the Islamic imaginary
• Linking Bin Laden to Mullah Omar
• Refusing to reduce September 11 to a single explanation
• Rejecting the globalized world
• Rejecting a fixed Islamic essence
• Lewis’s question is a legitimate historical one
• Fields that reveal double standards
• September reshapes the political imagination and the logic of global conflict
• Sura al-Kahf as a shared Mediterranean memory
• Superficial legitimacies that secure rule
• Post-September 11 legitimacies
• The shock of September 11
• The rise of power after the bipolar order
• The image of the enemy reshapes war
• The necessity of anthropological analysis
• The necessity of disabling the network
• The weakness of democracy in Arab governance
• A reciprocal relation between authority and religion
• The absence of expertise among terrorists
• Understanding September 11
• Understanding September 11 requires analyzing ideological narrative frameworks
• Understanding contemporary violence requires going beyond narrow jurisprudence
• Understanding violence and Islamic modernization requires comparative history and contextual differentiation
• An ideological reading of Islam
• A different reading of the September attacks
• There is no complete, authentic Islam
• The Axis of Evil as a mobilizing construct
• The Axis of Evil is a mobilizing formulation to justify force
• Reexamining the history of the Arab Renaissance
• Bin Laden’s theological reference frame
• The responsibility of states for the absence of critical knowledge
• The path of religious modernization differs between Christianity and Islam
• Addressing terrorism requires global responsibility and a just reason
• Addressing terrorism is a global responsibility
• From Manhattan to Baghdad links the violence of September and the war against it to a crisis of knowledge, legitimacy, and modernization
• Arkoun’s method deconstructs truth and discourse and lays the groundwork for epistemic religious reform
• The scarcity of critical historical consciousness
• Theological disputes are linked to political power
• A regime of truth is tied to its context
• A cross-cultural value system
• Critique of selective linear history
• Critique of the war on terror rejects total force and calls for calibrated global justice
• Critique of the all-out military response
• The September attacks reveal a global crisis
• Distinguishing governance from power