Al-Ghazali and al-Qummi Endow the Hajj with Cosmic Spiritual Meanings

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• Qur’anic Islam is understood as a historical-political phenomenon that rebuilt the community

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• Rationalizing acts of worship in al-Ghazali
• Al-Ghazali links the Hajj to death and the hereafter
• Al-Qummi expands the Hajj through cosmic projections
• Rationalizing acts of worship in al-Ghazali
• Al-Ghazali links the Hajj to death and the hereafter
• Al-Qummi expands the Hajj through cosmic projections