The tribal custom was not religiously authentic but took shape within alternative social structures

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• Contemporary Islam takes shape between surveillance, mediation, and the suspension of epistemic modernity

Original atoms

• Tribal customs are not authentically Islamic
• Tribal custom has oppressed women more
• Tribal solidarity compensated for women’s deprivation
• Tribal customs are not authentically Islamic
• Tribal custom has oppressed women more
• Tribal solidarity compensated for women’s deprivation