The Later Discourses Transformed Symbols into Normative Systems

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• Qur’anic Islam is understood as a historical and political phenomenon that rebuilt the community

Original atoms

• Secondary discourses and the transformation of symbols
• The dominance of the authorized reading
• Marginalization of other readings
• The role of the majority in orthodoxy
• The support of authority for the prevailing position
• The meaning of orthodoxy in Arkoun
• The impossibility of direct access to God’s word
• The difficulty of reading the Qur’anic wording